Abraham's Mission
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YHWH’s promises and covenant with Abraham
This essay discusses Abraham's role as a key figure in the emergence of monotheism, which led to the development of Judaism and influenced other monotheistic religions like Islam and Christianity. It highlights the dual narratives in the Abraham story—his relationship with YHWH and Elohim—emphasizing both tribal and universal implications. Seven blessings were given to Abraham, that included two key covenants: the Covenant between the Pieces, transmitted by YHWH, and the Covenant of Circumcision transmitted by Elohim. ​ The Covenant between the Pieces is a pivotal event in Jewish history, foretelling exile, oppression, and eventual redemption for Abraham's descendants. God promises Abraham that his progeny will inherit the land after enduring 400 years of hardship, symbolized through a ritual involving divided animals and God's passage between them. This covenant signifies both God’s guidance throughout Jewish national history and the spiritual endurance necessary for redemption, with the Jewish people bound to God through trust, even amidst centuries of suffering and exile.
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Elohim’s Covenant of Circumcision - fertility and eternity
The Covenant of Circumcision is discussed in relation to Abraham's relationship with God’s aspect of Elohim. This chapter describes how this covenant, the fifth of seven blessings given to Abraham, is unique compared to others, as Abraham is an active participant through circumcising himself and his household. The covenant addresses Abraham's immediate concern about descendants, and God promises blessings for both Abraham’s future son with Sarah and his son Ishmael. The text also touches on Abraham's obligations to "walk before God" and be "perfect/wholehearted," emphasizing his role as God's representative on earth. Various interpretations are provided regarding the meaning of "perfect/wholehearted," linking it either to Abraham's conduct or his circumcision. ​
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Abraham's mission of bringing righteousness and justice to the world
This essay discusses the negotiations between YHWH and Abraham concerning the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This chapter is considered highly significant in the Torah as it forms the foundation of Jewish ethics, focusing on righteousness (tzedakah), justice (mishpat), and loving kindness (chessed). These themes are central to Abraham's mission and his descendants' responsibilities. The text explains how these concepts are embedded throughout the Bible—righteousness (tzedakah) appearing 32 times and justice (mishpat) 132 times. The chapter spans from Genesis 18 to the end of chapter 19, covering topics like God's appearance to Abraham and the eventual incest between Lot's daughters and their father. All these stories tie back to the central themes of righteousness, justice, and loving kindness. "Justice" (mishpat) can be defined at both societal and individual levels as emphasizing the need for a judicial system and the adherence to rules, such as the use of honest measures in trade. Tzedakah has been defined as social justice and in some instances in the Torah is obligatory.
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The destruction of Sodom
The story of Sodom's destruction in Genesis 18 and 19 highlights the city's moral corruption, particularly its mistreatment of strangers. When two angels arrive in Sodom, Lot offers them hospitality, but the men of the city demand to harm the visitors. Lot pleads with the crowd, even offering his daughters, but the mob threatens him as well. The angels had come to determine if there were at least ten righteous people in the city, but they found none. The story, later referenced by the prophet Ezekiel, emphasizes the pride, excess, and lack of care for the poor that characterized Sodom's downfall. The fate of Sodom was bound up with the fact that the Land of Israel has an intrinsic holiness and cannot abide social injustice, sexual perversion and idolatry, whether their source be the Canaanites or Israelites. The nations that perpetrate these evils on this land will eventually be ejected from it.
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Where was the biblical Sodom?
The biblical city of Sodom was located in a fertile area in the Jordan Valley called "kikar hayarden." Lot chose this area, which was well-watered and described as resembling the "Garden of YHWH." Professor Steven Collins proposes that the ancient city of Tall el-Hammam is Sodom, based on archaeological evidence of a catastrophic event around 1600 BCE, with intense heat and destruction debris. However, there are debates regarding the exact dating and the meaning of the term "kikar," which might refer to either a disc-like or block-like region. Other potential locations for Sodom include Ban edh-Dhra, but this site is less likely due to its distance from the Jordan River and lower fertility.
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